Occasionally, animals carry harmful germs that can spread to humans and cause illness - these are called zoonotic diseases. In addition to viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi that cause zoonotic diseases, these germs can also cause a wide range of illnesses in humans and animals, from mild to severe illnesses.
What is the spread of germs between humans and animals?
Petting or touching animals, and biting or scratching animals, are examples of direct contact with saliva, blood, urine, mucous, or other body fluids of infected animals.
Getting into contact with areas where animals live and roam, or objects or surfaces that are contaminated with germs, such as aquarium tank water or pet habitats.
Multiple zoonotic diseases have emerged and spread since the beginning of the 21st century.
A zoonotic disease is one that is transmitted from an animal or insect to a human.
Fruit bats are the natural hosts of the Nipah virus (NiV). The virus was first identified during an outbreak in Kampung Sungai Nipah, Malaysia.
There is a high mortality rate associated with the virus due to its rapid spread.
The excretion and secretions of infected bats contain viruses.
Viruses cannot be transmitted through the air, but through direct contact with infected bats and pigs.
Intermediate hosts can be pigs.
The transmission of NiV from one person to another has also been reported.
Domestic animals can also be infected by it.
It is spread by mosquitoes, the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is also responsible for spreading dengue and chikungunya. Additionally, infected people can transmit Zika sexually.
As a general rule, people infected with the virus do not develop symptoms, but the symptoms are similar to those of flu, including fever, body aches, headaches, etc.
When pregnant women are infected with Zika, they are most concerned about microcephaly.
Babies born with microcephaly have small and underdeveloped brains.
Other than pregnant women, the virus is not considered dangerous.
There have been outbreaks of Zika in some countries, including Kerala in India.
Breastfeeding does not increase the risk of infants contracting Zika virus. This is due to the fact that
In areas where Zika virus is found, mothers are encouraged to breastfeed.
A severe and often fatal illness, Ebola virus disease (EVD), was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The disease spreads from wild animals to humans through human-to-human transmission.
Symptoms include fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, and a sore throat, followed by vomiting, diarrhea, and internal and external bleeding.
In the early stages of Ebola, interventions include rehydration with fluids and salts and treatment of specific symptoms such as low blood pressure, vomiting, diarrhea, and infection.
rVSV-ZEBOV, an investigational vaccine against Ebola, has been shown to be safe and protective.
A virus known as avian influenza Type A causes bird flu, a disease found in wild birds around the world. Among poultry, H5N1 is capable of infecting chickens, ducks, and turkeys, and in Thailand zoos, H5N1 has been reported to infect pigs, cats, and even tigers.
Contact with infected birds or contact with infected humans causes human infections
Their droppings contaminate surfaces and objects.
There are two proteins on the surfaces of Avian Influenza type A viruses: Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA).
Bird flu symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, severe respiratory illness, and neurological changes.
The spread of virus from human to human is limited. Various strains of avian and swine influenza have been reported in humans, including A(H1N1), A(1N2), A(H5N1), and A(H7N9).
Swine flu, also known as H1N1, is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses. It was previously known to infect people near pigs.
In most cases, people with flu, including swine flu, require only symptom relief. Swine flu symptoms include fever, body aches, loss of appetite, sore throat, vomiting, among others.
Although medications do not cure illnesses, they may shorten their duration and ease symptoms.
It was first discovered in 1957 during an investigation of monkey mortality in the Kyasanur forest of Shimoga district in Karnataka that the disease is caused by a Kyasanur Forest disease virus.
Symptoms include chills, headaches, body aches, and high fever for five to twelve days with a fatality rate of 3 to 5%.
Infected ticks bite rodents, shrews, and monkeys, which become infected with KFDV.
A tick bite or contact with an infected animal, most notably a sick or recently deceased monkey, may cause transmission to humans.
In the early stages of illness, diagnosis can be made by molecular detection or virus isolation from blood.
In endemic areas of India, a vaccine (Formalin inactivated KFDV vaccine) is available for KFD.
The West Nile virus (WNV) is responsible for West Nile fever, a zoonotic disease transmitted from birds to humans through the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes.
As a result of feeding on infected birds, mosquitoes become infected. It can also be transmitted through contact with other infected animals, their blood or other tissues.
There has been no documented human-to-human transmission from casual contact.
Infection with the virus causes colds, fevers, fatigue, nausea, and can cause fatal neurological diseases.
A woman in the West Nile district of Uganda was the first to be infected with West Nile Virus. A WNV epidemic was reported in Israel in 1951.
In humans, monkeypox virus (MPXV) causes symptoms similar to those of smallpox, but milder. It is an orthopox virus that causes a viral disease. Most cases occur near tropical rainforests where infected animals are frequently found. The infection is endemic in villages in Central and West Africa.
Person-to-person transmission alone cannot sustain monkeypox in humans.
Infected animals transmit monkeypox to humans through blood, bodily fluids, or cutaneous or mucosal lesions.
This virus is most likely to be transmitted by Gambian giant rats and squirrels.
Monkeypox virus infection is not treatable or preventable, but outbreaks can be controlled
Several species of mosquitoes within the genus Aedes, primarily Aedes aegypti, transmit dengue virus (Genus Flavivirus).
Chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika are also transmitted by this mosquito.
DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4 are the four different serotypes of the virus that causes dengue (separate groups within a species of microorganism that share similar characteristics).
An individual may experience sudden high fever, severe headaches, pain behind the eyes, severe bone, joint, and muscle pain, etc.
A blood test is used to diagnose dengue infection. The infection cannot be treated with a specific medicine.
It is transmitted by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito, if the mosquito is itself infected with malarial parasites.
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax (the most common parasite), Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium knowlesi are the five types of malarial parasites.
Out of 1.57 lakh malaria cases in the high-burden states of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Meghalaya and Madhya Pradesh in 2019, 1.1 lakh (70%) were falciparum malaria cases.
The World Malaria Report 2020 shows that malaria cases in India dropped from about 20 million in 2000 to about 5.6 million in 2019.
Rodents are the primary carriers of hantaviruses.
It cannot be spread from one person to another, but it can be contracted from rodents carrying the virus.
Fatigue, fever, muscle aches, abdominal pain, coughing, and shortness of breath are some of the symptoms.
The hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and the haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).
Hantavirus infection cannot be treated, cured, or vaccinated.
It is a tropical disease that is spread to humans by infected mosquitoes and is caused by the yellow fever virus. The yellow fever virus is spread by mosquitoes known as Aedes aegypti. In and near human habitations, these mosquitoes thrive, breeding even in clean water.
Often associated with jaundice, the disease is found in urban and rural areas of tropical zone countries in Africa and South America.
In addition to dengue fever, yellow fever virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family, which also causes malaria.
There is a vaccine named 17D available.
A) Zika
B) Ebola
C) Nipah
D) Dengue
Answer: C) Nipah
Explanation: Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus that is primarily transmitted by fruit bats and can cause severe, often fatal disease in both animals and humans.
A) Aedes aegypti mosquito
B) Anopheles mosquito
C) Culex mosquito
D) Tsetse fly
Answer: A) Aedes aegypti mosquito
Explanation: The Aedes aegypti mosquito is responsible for spreading the Zika virus, as well as other diseases like dengue and chikungunya.
A) Amazon River
B) Nile River
C) Congo River
D) Ebola River
Answer: D) Ebola River
Explanation: Ebola virus was discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo.
A) Bird Flu
B) Swine Flu
C) Malaria
D) Kyasanur Forest Disease
Answer: A) Bird Flu
Explanation: Bird flu, or avian influenza, primarily affects birds but can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces.
A) Mosquito bites
B) Tick bites
C) Contact with infected rodents
D) Consumption of contaminated water
Answer: C) Contact with infected rodents
Explanation: Hantavirus is primarily spread through contact with rodents or their droppings, not through mosquitoes or ticks.
A) Nipah
B) Ebola
C) Zika
D) West Nile Virus
Answer: C) Zika
Explanation: Zika virus infection during pregnancy is linked to birth defects like microcephaly, where infants are born with smaller, underdeveloped brains.
A) Bats
B) Monkeys
C) Birds
D) Mosquitoes
Answer: B) Monkeys
Explanation: Kyasanur Forest Disease primarily affects monkeys, and humans can become infected through tick bites or contact with infected monkeys.
A) West Nile Virus
B) Lyme Disease
C) Malaria
D) Zika
Answer: B) Lyme Disease
Explanation: Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through tick bites.
A) Nipah
B) West Nile Virus
C) Ebola
D) Zika
Answer: B) West Nile Virus
Explanation: West Nile virus is mainly spread through bites from infected Culex mosquitoes, which typically feed on infected birds.
A) Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase
B) Glycoprotein and Hemoglobin
C) Cytokine and Interleukin
D) Ferritin and Albumin
Answer: A) Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase
Explanation: Avian influenza Type A viruses are classified based on the surface proteins Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA).
A) Rash
B) High fever
C) Jaundice
D) Cough
Answer: C) Jaundice
Explanation: Yellow fever often causes jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes, giving the disease its name.
A) Hantavirus
B) Dengue
C) Zika
D) Monkeypox
Answer: C) Zika
Explanation: In addition to mosquito transmission, Zika virus can be transmitted sexually from an infected person to a partner.
A) Kerala, India
B) Kampala, Uganda
C) Kampung Sungai Nipah, Malaysia
D) Congo
Answer: C) Kampung Sungai Nipah, Malaysia
Explanation: Nipah virus was first identified during an outbreak in Kampung Sungai Nipah, Malaysia.
A) Nipah
B) Monkeypox
C) Zika
D) Dengue
Answer: B) Monkeypox
Explanation: Monkeypox is a viral disease transmitted by infected primates and rodents, with symptoms resembling those of smallpox.
A) Dengue
B) Zika
C) Malaria
D) Chikungunya
Answer: C) Malaria
Explanation: Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.
A) Antibiotics
B) Rehydration therapy
C) Vaccine 17D
D) Isolation
Answer: C) Vaccine 17D
Explanation: Yellow fever can be prevented by the 17D vaccine, which provides immunity against the virus.
A) Birds
B) Pigs
C) Dogs
D) Rodents
Answer: B) Pigs
Explanation: Swine flu, or H1N1 influenza, primarily affects pigs and can spread to humans through close contact with infected pigs.
A) Bats
B) Birds
C) Rodents
D) Monkeys
Answer: C) Rodents
Explanation: Hantavirus is spread by rodents, specifically through contact with their droppings, urine, or saliva.
A) Malaria
B) Dengue
C) Zika
D) West Nile Virus
Answer: B) Dengue
Explanation: Dengue virus, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, can cause severe joint and muscle pain, known as "breakbone fever."
A) Zika
B) Ebola
C) Hantavirus
D) Bird Flu
Answer: B) Ebola
Explanation: The investigational vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV has shown efficacy in providing protection against the Ebola virus.
1. Consider the following statements about Nipah virus:
Which of the statements are correct?
A) 1 and 3 only
B) 2 only
C) 1 and 2 only
D) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: A) 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Nipah virus is naturally hosted by fruit bats and can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected animals, including pigs, which act as intermediate hosts. It is not airborne.
2. Which of the following statements regarding Zika virus transmission is correct?
Options:
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1, 2, and 3
D) 1 only
Answer: A) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Zika virus is primarily spread by Aedes mosquitoes and can also be sexually transmitted. There is no evidence of transmission through breastfeeding.
3. Consider the following statements about Ebola virus disease (EVD):
Which of the statements are correct?
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 only
C) 1, 2, and 3
D) 1 and 3 only
Answer: A) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Ebola was first discovered in the DRC and can spread between humans. However, there is no proven treatment, although supportive care can help manage symptoms.
4. Which of the following best describes the transmission method of Avian influenza?
A) Airborne transmission between humans
B) Direct contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces
C) Mosquito bites
D) Sexual transmission
Answer: B) Direct contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces
Explanation: Avian influenza spreads through contact with infected birds or surfaces contaminated with bird droppings. Human-to-human transmission is limited.
5. Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is primarily transmitted to humans through:
A) Mosquito bites
B) Contact with infected animals
C) Tick bites
D) Airborne transmission
Answer: C) Tick bites
Explanation: KFD is transmitted to humans through bites from infected ticks, and sometimes through contact with infected animals like monkeys.
6. Which of the following statements about H1N1 influenza is incorrect?
A) It is highly contagious.
B) It spreads through direct contact with infected pigs only.
C) It is also known as Swine Flu.
D) Symptoms include fever and sore throat.
Answer: B) It spreads through direct contact with infected pigs only.
Explanation: H1N1 influenza can spread from human to human through respiratory droplets, not just direct contact with pigs.
7. Dengue fever is primarily transmitted through:
A) Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
B) Culex mosquitoes
C) Anopheles mosquitoes
D) Ticks
Answer: A) Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
Explanation: Dengue fever is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which also spread Zika and chikungunya.
8. Which of the following zoonotic diseases are transmitted through rodents?
A) Hantavirus
B) Malaria
C) Dengue
D) Ebola
Answer: A) Hantavirus
Explanation: Hantavirus infections are spread primarily through contact with rodents or their droppings.
9. Which statement is true about Yellow Fever?
A) It has no vaccine.
B) It is caused by a virus and spread by Culex mosquitoes.
C) It is associated with jaundice and spread by Aedes mosquitoes.
D) It is a bacterial infection.
Answer: C) It is associated with jaundice and spread by Aedes mosquitoes.
Explanation: Yellow Fever, a viral infection spread by Aedes mosquitoes, often causes jaundice.
10. Which zoonotic disease can cause microcephaly in newborns if the mother is infected during pregnancy?
A) Ebola
B) Zika
C) Hantavirus
D) West Nile Virus
Answer: B) Zika
Explanation: Zika virus infection during pregnancy can result in microcephaly in newborns.
11. The natural host of the West Nile Virus is:
A) Mosquitoes
B) Birds
C) Rodents
D) Bats
Answer: B) Birds
Explanation: Birds are the primary hosts for West Nile Virus, which is then transmitted to humans by mosquitoes.
12. Monkeypox is most likely transmitted to humans through:
A) Contact with infected humans only
B) Contact with rodents and primates
C) Airborne transmission
D) Mosquito bites
Answer: B) Contact with rodents and primates
Explanation: Monkeypox is primarily spread from infected animals like rodents and primates to humans.
13. Which zoonotic disease is associated with contact with aquarium tank water and other pet habitats?
A) Hantavirus
B) Psittacosis
C) West Nile Fever
D) Avian Influenza
Answer: B) Psittacosis
Explanation: Psittacosis, commonly spread by birds, can infect humans through contaminated pet habitats.
14. Which of the following zoonotic diseases is known to cause hemorrhagic fever?
A) Malaria
B) Ebola
C) Zika
D) Yellow Fever
Answer: B) Ebola
Explanation: Ebola virus causes severe hemorrhagic fever, leading to both internal and external bleeding.
15. Swine flu is caused by which type of virus?
A) Influenza A virus
B) Flavivirus
C) Poxvirus
D) Filovirus
Answer: A) Influenza A virus
Explanation: Swine flu is an influenza A virus, specifically the H1N1 strain.
16. Which of the following diseases has a vaccine called 17D?
A) Yellow Fever
B) Hantavirus
C) Dengue
D) Ebola
Answer: A) Yellow Fever
Explanation: The 17D vaccine provides protection against Yellow Fever.
17. Direct contact with a monkey infected with Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV) could transmit the disease to humans.
Answer: True
Explanation: KFD can be transmitted to humans via direct contact with an infected animal or a tick bite.
18. Which virus is most closely associated with jaundice?
A) Ebola
B) Nipah
C) Yellow Fever
D) Avian Influenza
Answer: C) Yellow Fever
Explanation: Yellow Fever is known for causing jaundice due to liver involvement.
19. The West Nile Virus can cause which of the following complications?
A) Severe neurological disease
B) Skin rashes
C) Respiratory failure
D) Gastrointestinal bleeding
Answer: A) Severe neurological disease
Explanation: West Nile Virus can lead to serious neurological conditions such as encephalitis and meningitis.
20. Which of the following statements about Malaria is correct?
A) It is a viral disease spread by Anopheles mosquitoes.
B) It is a parasitic disease spread by Anopheles mosquitoes.
C) It is a bacterial disease spread by Aedes mosquitoes.
D) It is a fungal disease spread by Culex mosquitoes.
Answer: B) It is a parasitic disease spread by Anopheles mosquitoes
Explanation: Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes.
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